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In der jüngsten "Science"-Ausgabe (Science) berichtet Journalist Michael Balter über die internationale "Primate Behavior and Human Universals"-Konferenz, die vom 11. bis 14. Dezember 2007 in Göttingen stattgefunden hat. Es wurden dort offenbar vor allem neue Versuchs-Anordnungen mit Nahrungsmitteln erörtert und wie sehr Schimpansen dazu befähigt sind, Nahrung mit anderen Artgenossen zu teilen oder anderen Artgenossen bei der Nahrungsbeschaffung zu helfen. Sie sind - wie erneut festgestellt wird - dazu sehr wenig befähigt oder geneigt. Daraus scheinen nun die Forscher, wie ich finde, recht willkürlich zu schließen, Schimpansen würden "den" "echten" Altruismus, den Menschen kennen, gar nicht kennen.
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Zunächst wird geschildert, wie experimentell eine gewisse Fähigkeit zur Geduld an Schimpansen aufgezeigt wurde, zumindest wenn es darum ging, auf "Sofortbefriedigung" was das Fressen betrifft, zu verzichten, wenn man durch den Aufschub der Befriedigung später noch mehr erhalten kann. Dann heißt es weiter:
Although chimpanzees may be surprisingly patient, they fail miserably at another typically human behavior: lending a spontaneous helping hand to one's neighbor without expecting anything in return. Such altruism is very common among humans, some of whom even sacrifice their own lives to help others.Und das würden Schimpansen in Rang- und Inter-Gruppen-Kämpfen für ihre Gruppenpartner, Koalitionspartner nicht tun? Verteidigen Schimpansen-Mütter ihre Kinder nicht? Weiter:
Yet recent work by anthropologist Joan Silk of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Michael Tomasello of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, has shown that chimps, although remarkably cooperative in many ways, do not spontaneously help fellow apes.Das ist doch - so - viel zu allgemein ausgedrückt! (Vielleicht haben das Silk und Tomasello so allgemein auch gar nicht gesagt?) Weiter:
Other work has found that most nonhuman primate cooperation involves self-interested reciprocal exchanges. Many scientists have concluded that true altruism requires higher cognition, including an ability to read others' mental states, called theory of mind (Science, 23 June 2006, p. 1734).
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Alpha-Männchen bei Schimpansen helfen doch anderen, Geschwister, Freunde stehen doch einander bei bei Schimpansen. Und sie versetzen sich dabei doch in den anderen, besitzen also Empathie. Sonst ginge das doch gar nicht.
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Im weiteren wird von "marmosets", also Krallenaffen berichtet:
Yet humans may not be the only altruistic primates. A team led by Judith Burkart of the University of Zurich, which included van Schaik, looked for helping behavior in marmosets, who lack advanced cognition but are highly cooperative. One monkey, the donor, was given a choice of pulling a tray with a bowl that contained a juicy cricket or pulling a tray with an empty bowl into an area where another monkey was sometimes present. Only the recipient could get the food, with no payoff for the donor. Nevertheless, the donor pulled the cricket tray an average of 20% more often when a recipient was present than when it was absent, Burkart said at the meeting. Moreover, the marmosets were about equally generous to genetically unrelated monkeys as they were to their kin.
Why do marmosets and humans engage in spontaneous altruism when other primates do not?
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The answer, Burkart proposed, is that both species, unique among primates, are cooperative breeders: Offspring are cared for not only by parents but also by other adults. Marmoset groups consist of a breeding pair plus an assortment of other helpers, whereas human parents often get help from grandparents, siblings, and friends. Burkart suggests that primate altruism sprang from cooperative breeding. In humans, these altruistic tendencies, combined with more advanced cognition, then nurtured the evolution of theory of mind.
"This is an excellent piece of work," says Silk, although she cautions against drawing sweeping conclusions about the evolution of human altruism from "just two data points," humans and marmosets. Nevertheless, Tomasello says, if the results are valid, they "demonstrate that generosity with food and complex cognitive skills are independent adaptations, which humans may have combined in unique ways."
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Jane Goodall mit Schimpansen, der Bananen erwartet |
Die Schimpansen sind unwahrscheinlich schöne Tiere und man sucht deshalb gerne Fotos von ihnen heraus.
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Jane Goodall mit Schimpansen |
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- Goodall, Jane: Ein Herz für Schimpansen. Meine 30 Jahre Forschung am Gombe. (Studium generale-Buchhandlung)
- Goodall, Jane: Wilde Schimpansen. (Studium generale-Buchhandlung)
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